List of 6 Common Vaccines for Children

By Lifecare Hospital

As a loving parent, you want to build the strongest possible foundation for your child’s health and future. This is a desire shared by every parent, and it is a commitment that healthcare providers take incredibly seriously.

When we talk about protecting your little one from the start, one topic stands out as critically important: childhood vaccinations.

Vaccines are among the greatest public health triumphs of modern medicine. They act as a safe and highly effective shield, training your child’s immune system to recognise and fight off serious, often life-threatening diseases before they ever have a chance to take hold.

For families in Kenya, navigating the recommended schedule is a vital part of proactive healthcare. Finding the best paediatricians in Kenya is the first step toward ensuring your child receives this essential protection on time.

This comprehensive guide is designed to walk you through the most common and crucial vaccines for children, explain what they protect against, and discuss the immense benefits of adhering to the recommended immunisation schedule.

The Power of Prevention: Understanding Vaccines

Think of your child’s immune system as a fantastic, specialised army. When a harmful germ (a virus or bacteria) invades, the army has to identify it, learn how to fight it, and then build defences. This process can take days or weeks, and in that time, the germ can cause severe illness, long-term disability, or even death.

A vaccine introduces a weakened or killed form of the germ, or just a small part of it, which is enough for the immune system to recognise the threat, practice fighting it, and build “memory cells” and antibodies—all without causing the actual disease.

If the real germ ever tries to infect your child, their immune system’s defences are already fully trained and ready to destroy the invader immediately.

This isn’t just about protecting your child; it’s about protecting the whole community. This phenomenon is known as herd immunity—when a high percentage of the population is vaccinated, it makes the spread of a contagious disease highly unlikely, offering a protective buffer for infants who are too young to be vaccinated and those with weakened immune systems who cannot receive certain shots. Consulting with the best paediatricians in Kenya will help you understand how timely vaccination contributes to this collective protection.

Key Vaccines in the Kenyan National Immunisation Program (KEPI)

In Kenya, the Ministry of Health, through the Kenya Expanded Programme on Immunisation (KEPI), has established a robust schedule for routine childhood immunisations. While private hospitals and clinics may offer additional, optional vaccines, the core KEPI schedule covers the most critical preventable diseases.

Here are the common vaccines your child will receive, often administered in combination shots for fewer injections:

1. BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin)

• Disease Protected Against: Severe forms of Tuberculosis (TB), particularly childhood TB meningitis and disseminated disease.
• Administration: A single injection, typically given at birth.
• Significance: TB is a serious bacterial infection, and early vaccination helps prevent the most devastating forms of the disease in vulnerable infants.

2. Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)

• Disease Protected Against: Poliomyelitis (Polio).
• Administration: OPV is given as drops at birth, 6, 10, and 14 weeks. IPV is often included as an injection in the schedule.
• Significance: Polio is a highly infectious virus that invades the nervous system and can cause irreversible paralysis in hours. Thanks to vaccines, polio is nearly eradicated globally, making continued, complete vaccination essential to maintain a polio-free status.

3. Pentavalent Vaccine

This is an incredible combination vaccine that offers protection against five major diseases in a single shot. It is given at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age.

• The Five Diseases:
  1. Diphtheria: A serious bacterial infection that affects the nose and throat, potentially causing difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and death.
  2. Tetanus: Caused by bacteria found in soil, it enters the body through cuts or wounds and produces a toxin that causes painful muscle stiffness and spasms, commonly known as “lockjaw.”
  3. Pertussis (Whooping Cough): A highly contagious respiratory tract infection characterised by a severe, hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like a “whoop.” It is particularly dangerous and often fatal for infants.
  4. Hepatitis B (Hep B): A viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) disease, including cirrhosis and liver cancer later in life.
  5. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): A bacterium that causes severe infections, most notably meningitis (brain infection) and pneumonia (lung infection) in young children.

4. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV)

• Disease Protected Against: Pneumococcal disease, caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. This bacterium is a leading cause of severe, life-threatening infections such as:
  • Pneumonia (lung infection)
  • Meningitis (brain and spinal cord infection)
  • Sepsis (blood infection)
• Administration: Given as a series of doses starting in infancy (e.g., at 6, 10, and 14 weeks).
• Significance: Pneumococcal disease is a major cause of death and serious illness in children under five worldwide. PCV is one of the most impactful vaccines in reducing childhood mortality.

5. Rotavirus Vaccine (RVV)

• Disease Protected Against: Rotavirus, the most common cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhoea and vomiting in infants and young children globally.
• Administration: Given as oral drops in a series (e.g., 6 and 10 weeks, or 6, 10, and 14 weeks, depending on the specific vaccine brand).
• Significance: While diarrhoea is common, rotavirus can cause such extreme dehydration that a child requires hospitalisation and intensive care. This vaccine is crucial for early protection.

6. Measles-Rubella (MR) Vaccine

• Diseases Protected Against: Measles and Rubella.
• Administration: The first dose is typically given around 9 months, with a second dose (sometimes as Measles-Mumps-Rubella or MMR) around 18 months, or later, depending on the schedule.
• Significance:
  • Measles: One of the most contagious diseases, it can lead to serious complications like pneumonia, brain swelling (encephalitis), permanent brain damage, deafness, and death.
  • Rubella (German Measles): Generally, a mild illness in children, but if a pregnant woman contracts it, it can cause devastating birth defects in the developing fetus, known as Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS).

Beyond the Core: Other Important Vaccines

While the KEPI schedule covers the essentials, the Best Paediatricians in Kenya will often recommend additional vaccines, depending on your child’s specific needs, your travel plans, and local disease risk factors. These may include:

• Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccine: Highly effective at preventing chickenpox, which, though often mild, can lead to serious skin infections, pneumonia, or brain complications in some cases.
• Hepatitis A Vaccine (Hep A): Protects against the Hepatitis A virus, which causes a liver infection typically spread through contaminated food or water.
• Mumps: Often included with Measles and Rubella in the MMR vaccine combination. Mumps causes painful swelling of the salivary glands and can lead to complications like meningitis or hearing loss.
• Influenza (Flu) Vaccine: Recommended annually for all children over 6 months of age to prevent seasonal influenza, which can be severe, especially in young children.
• Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV): Protects against Typhoid Fever, a bacterial infection common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene.

Your paediatrician at Lifecare Hospital is the best resource for discussing these optional vaccines and integrating them seamlessly into your child’s health plan.

The Unwavering Safety of Childhood Vaccines

It is natural for a loving parent to have questions about anything injected into their child. You can rest assured that childhood vaccines are among the most intensely studied and monitored medical interventions in history. The process for developing, testing, and approving vaccines is exhaustive, involving multiple phases of clinical trials to ensure both efficacy and safety.

In Kenya, every vaccine used is scrutinised and approved by local regulatory bodies, aligned with the stringent standards set by the World Health Organisation (WHO).

• Side Effects are Minor: Most side effects are minor and short-lived, such as mild fever, slight pain, swelling, or redness at the injection site. These are signs that the immune system is successfully responding and building protection. They are incredibly preferable to the severe complications of the diseases they prevent.
• No Link to Autism: Decades of scientific research across the globe, involving millions of children, have definitively shown that there is no link between vaccines (including the MMR vaccine) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This myth originated from a fraudulent paper that was retracted and discredited.
• Immune System Overload is a Myth: A common concern is that giving too many vaccines at once will “overload” a baby’s immune system. This is medically incorrect. From the moment they are born, infants are exposed to countless germs daily. The tiny number of antigens (the components that trigger immunity) in all routine childhood vaccines combined is negligible compared to the daily exposures a baby successfully handles.

Trusting the advice of the best paediatricians in Kenya who follow evidence-based medical practice is the surest way to protect your child.